focus..focus..

in my head..

ECO 415..

tomorrow is the date!!

waaaaa!!

ya allah..  may you ease everything...

ok,shut down the lappy..

start study... 

:)

can i start to counting??

its saturday readers!!

okay..

as usual.. saturday morning i have to attent kesatria..huhuh..

ok la.. (errrr)

we just do training marching..

then go back to college..huhuhu...

and guess what?? 

another 4 day before back home!!

i can't wait wait for that.. 

mummy.. i'm home.. (4 days more)..

TEST 1..

TEST 1 FOR MGT 420.. 

ITS FREAKING SCARED!!!

I CAN'T SLEEP LAST NIGHT.. 

I KEEP ON WORRYING ABOUT MY TEST THE NEXT DAY..

HAHHAHHA.. :)

but alhamdulillah.. i can answer the question given.. even the question is quiz confusing..hhuuuuuhhu.. 

i did try all my best during the test..

may allah ease everything.. :)

Insyaallah..

allah knows better..:)

LAW 416

we do the exercise for sale of good.. :)

lallallallalla....

MGT 420..

we learn about organizing effective and efficiency.. :)

A company is in a constant struggle to balance efficiency and effectiveness, it is a delicate balance to achieve because overall performance of an organization is measured by customer satisfaction.  If a company decides that there are too many layers, for example, in the labor force, jobs could be eliminated to improve efficiency, but might result in a reduction in the company's ability to effectively serve the needs of their customers.If a company wants to reduce costs with regard to overall expenses, in an effort to utilize resources, such as employees, more efficiently, a company might decide to reduce the workforce, let's say in a factory.  So the factory workers are now required to work harder to make up for the smaller size in the staff, but this also requires them to work overtime to meet demand, which results in 1. expenses on overtime pay, which might be more than regular salaries, and could result in health issues with the workers who become exhausted from the faster pace in the work environment.More mistakes could result from employees who are always straining to meet production quotas, which eventually results in customer dissatisfaction with inferior product.  The natural outcome will be that customers will discontinue buying the product because the company can no longer be regarded as reliable.Another example of a struggle between effectiveness and efficiency or output is found in the mail-order business with regard to shipments and distribution.  In most cases, there is an inspected by ticket or a check mark next to the item on the order sheet,  placed in the package that allows the customer to understand that their order was verified after it was placed in the box, before it was sealed and shipped.If you purchase merchandise from a certain mail-order catalog and your order arrives incomplete or contains the wrong size or color item, this causes you an inconvenience as a customer, you are not happy with your purchase, your post-purchase dissonance is negative, it leaves an impression with you that will influence your purchases in the future.What the customer does not know is that the company just eliminated several jobs, among the inspectors, because they were taking too long to do their job and the shipping process was delayed.  The company wants the shipping process to be quicker, so they don't use the inspectors anymore and packages are sealed without a final inspection, and many order are incorrect.In the name of efficiency of resources, costs particularly, effectiveness has been reduced.

ECO 415

my group need to present today about monopolistic..

Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as goods but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location). In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms.

In a monopolistically competitive market, firms can behave like monopolies in the short run, including by using market power to generate profit. In the long run, however, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like a perfectly competitive one where firms cannot gain economic profit. In practice, however, if consumer rationality/innovativeness is low and heuristics are preferred, monopolistic competition can fall into natural monopoly, even in the complete absence of government intervention. In the presence of coercive government, monopolistic competition will fall into government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Textbook examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include restaurants, cereal,clothing, shoes, and service industries in large cities. The "founding father" of the theory of monopolistic competition is Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject, Theory of Monopolistic Competition (1933). Joan Robinson published a bookThe Economics of imperfect competition with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition.

Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics:

• There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price.
• Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products.
• There are few barriers to entry and exit.
• Producers have a degree of control over price.

The long-run characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are almost the same as a perfectly competitive market. Two differences between the two are that monopolistic competition produces heterogeneous products and that monopolistic competition involves a great deal of non-price competition, which is based on subtle product differentiation. A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only break even in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero economic profit. This illustrates the amount of influence the firm has over the market; because of brand loyalty, it can raise its prices without losing all of its customers. This means that an individual firm's demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a perfectly elastic demand schedule.

like usual...

ACC 418

still no class until today.. :(

MGT 417

no class also.. :(

MANDARIN..

my first class for today..

at 4pm.. :)

we learn about jintian ji hao...

this mean what day is today..hehhe..

jintian mean today..

Mingtian mean tomorrow..

zuotian mean yesterday..

jintian 17 hao.. :)

relaxing...

 NO CLASS FOR TODAY.. 

YAYAYYAYA!!! :)

I'M DOING MY LAUNDRY.. 

WATCHING MOVIE..

SLEEP..

AND LASTLY..

DO REVISION.. :)

hectic life~~

ECO 415

today was a presentation day for the topic of monopoly..

the third goup will present about this topic..

what i can get from the presentation today is...

A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with amonopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry). Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods.The verb "monopolize" refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power, to charge high prices.Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market).A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service ; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly), suppliers (monopsony) and the other companies (oligopoly) in ways that leave market interactions distorted.When not coerced legally to do otherwise, monopolies typically maximize their profit by producing fewer goods and selling them at higher prices than would be the case for perfect competition.Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by mergers.In many jurisdictions, competition laws restrict monopolies. Holding a dominant position or a monopoly of a market is not illegal in itself, however certain categories of behavior can, when a business is dominant, be considered abusive and therefore incur legal sanctions. A government-granted monopoly or legal monopoly, by contrast, is sanctioned by the state, often to provide an incentive to invest in a risky venture or enrich a domestic interest group. Patents, copyright, and trademarks are sometimes used as examples of government granted monopolies, but they rarely provide market power. The government may also reserve the venture for itself, thus forming a government monopoly.

MGT 417

we learnt chapter 3 until chapter 6..

chapter 3 is about information security..

chapter 4 is about managing knowledge and data..

chapter 5 is about network application..

chapter 6 is about eletronic commerce..

Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction.

The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are frequently used interchangeably. These fields are interrelated often and share the common goals of protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information; however, there are some subtle differences between them.

Definition of Knowledge Management

There are several different, and sometimes quite confusing statements that claim to be a definition of Knowledge Management' and there are different perspectives on what Knowledge Management is. For example:

▪ KM is about systems and technologies

▪ KM is about people and learning organisations

▪ KM is about processes, methods and techniques

▪ KM is about managing knowledge assets

▪ KM is a holistic initiative across the entire organisation

▪ KM is not a discipline, as such, and should be an integral part of every knowledge workers daily responsibilities

There are 2 types of network applications:-

1. Pure network applications
2. Standalone network application

(A) PURE NETWORK APPLICATIONS

These are applications created to be used in networks; using pure network applications on a single computer doesn't make sense. Such applications have a separate and distinct user interface that users must learn for instance:-

1. Email programs

They allow users to type messages at their local nodes and then send to someone on the network. It is a fast and easy way of transferring mail from one computer to another. Examples of electronic mail programs (Clients) are:-

• Pegasus mail
• Outlook express
• Eudora Windows mail
• Fox mail
• Opera
• Poco mail
• Mozilla Thunderbird
• Windows mail

2. File transfer protocol (FTP)

This application facilities transfer of files from one computer to another e.g. from a client to a server. There are 2 common processes involved in FTP

Downloading: - This is the process of obtaining files from a server to a workstation or a client (for example when you download programs and music from a server).

Uploading:- This is obtaining of files from a workstation to a server (for instance when you attach documents and upload them to a server, a good example being when you upload photos to Facebook).

Examples of FTP programs are:-

• FTP in Unix
• FTP in Linux or
• FTP in Windows

3. Terminal emulation (TELNET)

It allows a workstation to access the server for an application program. This enables you to control the server and communicate with other servers on the network. The workstation appears as a down terminal that is directly attached to the server. The user feels like he/she is using the server directly. TELNET enables PCs and workstations to function as dumb terminals in sessions with hosts on inter-networks.

4. Groupware

These applications are used to automate the administration functions of a modern office for instance video conferencing and chatting. They facilitate the work of groups and improve on their productivity; they can be used to communicate, co-operate, coordinate, solve problems, compete, negotiate among others.

(i) Video Conferencing

This is the process of conducting a conference between two or more participants at different sites by using computer networks to transmit audio and video data. For example, a point-to-point (two-person) video conferencing system works much like a video telephone.

Each participant has a video camera, microphone, and speakers mounted on his or her computer. As the two participants speak to one another, their voices are carried over the network and delivered to the others speakers, and whatever images appear in front of the video camera appear in a window on the other participant’s monitor.

(ii) Chatting

It is a real-time communication between two users via computer. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user’s monitor. The two must be online for a chat to be initiated. Most networks, cybers and online services offer a chat feature which enables computer users to chat as they go on with their work.

(B) STAND ALONE APPLICATIONS

These are applications that run on stand alone computers (computers not connected to any other). In order to extend their activity, they are rebuild to run on network environments e.g. word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, presentations graphics, project management etc. They function even when the computer is offline.

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is the buying and selling of product or service over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions.

E-commerce can be divided into:

• E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on Web sites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall"
• The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data
• E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers (for example, with newsletters)
• Business-to-business buying and selling

• The security of business transactions